Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.
Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run—up to 2012—but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.
Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.
Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.
21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has ____.
[A] gained great popularity
[B] created many jobs
[C] strengthened community ties
[D] become an official festival
解析： [A] gained great popularity.意思是很受歡迎。通過題干可以定位在第一段，可以通過，每天超過五萬人跑步、引發(fā)了400場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)在英國和在國外等信息得知，公園跑很受歡迎。
22. The author believes that London's Olympic"legacy" has failed to ____.
[A] boost population growth
[B] promote sport participation
[C] improve the city's image
[D] increase sport hours in schools
解析：[B] promote sport participation表示提升運(yùn)動(dòng)參與度。通過題干倫敦和奧林匹克遺產(chǎn)可以定位到第二段，題目問的是倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的遺產(chǎn)沒有做成什么事，題干中的failed to可以對(duì)應(yīng)第二段即使看到了failing，但并沒有答案。再往下看，倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)承諾，人口將會(huì)更健康、更多冠軍，但這并沒有發(fā)生，not happed才真正對(duì)應(yīng)failed to.
23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it ___.
[A] aims at discovering talents
[B] focuses on mass competition
[C] does not emphasize elitism
[D] does not attract first-timers
解析：[C] does not emphasize elitism，公園跑步和奧運(yùn)會(huì)不同在于，它并不強(qiáng)調(diào)精英主義。這道題定位在第三段的中間，奧林匹克的倡導(dǎo)者相反，想要更多的參與運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)造更多的精英。
24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should .
[A] organize "grassroots" sports events
[B] supervise local sports associations
[C] increase funds for sports clubs
[D] invest in public sports facilities
解析：[D] invest in public sports facilities，提到大眾體育，作者認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該投資公共的體育設(shè)施。政府在第四段的中間，講到政府應(yīng)該訓(xùn)練的空間、用錢去鋪設(shè)網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)。這里是答案的同意轉(zhuǎn)換。
25. The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is .
[A] tolerant
[B] critical
[C] uncertain
[D] sympathetic
解析：[B] critical作者對(duì)英國政府對(duì)體育的態(tài)度是批判的。最后一段but轉(zhuǎn)折后說，繼任的政府賣綠地、減少本地政府的預(yù)算同時(shí)減少在體育方面的關(guān)注度，所以持批判態(tài)度。
Text 2
With so much focus on children's use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Tech is designed to really suck on you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine. "
Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.
Infants are wired to look at parents' faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child's verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an "oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: "It's based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you're failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them." Tronick believes that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean there's no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.
26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______.
[A] simplify routine matters
[B] absorb user attention
[C] better interpersonal relations
[D] increase work efficiency
解析：[B] absorb user attention。根據(jù)JR，數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品被設(shè)計(jì)為了吸引用戶的注意。根據(jù)JR定位在第一段，他說了一句話：科技被設(shè)計(jì)去suck on you in. suck和absorb是同意轉(zhuǎn)換詞醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線.提供. payment-defi.com。
27. Radesky's food-testing exercise shows that mothers' use of devices ______.
[A] takes away babies' appetite
[B] distracts children's attention
[C] slows down babies' verbal development
[D] reduces mother-child communication
解析：[D] reduces mother-child communication.R的食品測(cè)試展示了媽媽使用設(shè)備會(huì)降低媽媽和孩子間的交流。是原文第二段fewerverbal and 39% fewer nonverbal interaction的同意轉(zhuǎn)換。
28. Radesky's cites the "still face experiment" to show that _______.
[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions
[B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange
[C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents' mood
[D] parents need to respond to children's emotional needs
解析：[D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs。R引用這句話的意思是父母需要對(duì)兒童的情感需求做出反應(yīng)。是因?yàn)榈谌蔚谝痪湔f嬰兒看到父母的臉去理解這個(gè)世界，如果父母沒有表情或回應(yīng)會(huì)對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生不好的影響。那么這里就需要父母對(duì)兒童的情感需求做出回應(yīng)。
29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.
[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies
[B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year
[C] ensure constant interaction with their children
[D] remain concerned about kid's use of screens
解析：[C] ensure constant interaction with their children。被T所提到的壓抑的理論需要父母去確保一直和他們的孩子繼續(xù)溝通。通過oppressive ideology可以定位在第四段的第二句，這里提到這種壓抑的理論要求父母應(yīng)該一直和孩子保持溝通和交流。這里always和選項(xiàng)中的constant是同義轉(zhuǎn)換。
30. According to Tronick, kid's use of screens may_______.
[A] give their parents some free time
[B] make their parents more creative
[C] help them with their homework
[D] help them become more attentive
解析：[A] give their parents some free time。根據(jù)T,孩子使用喊叫可能是他們父母一些自由的時(shí)間。通過Tronick和screen我們可以定位在第四段的中后部分，T認(rèn)為，因?yàn)楹⒆硬⒉皇菑募饨兄袑W(xué)會(huì)什么，也就意味著孩子尖叫并不意味著要吸引別人的重視，相反是尖叫孩子讓父母去洗澡、做家務(wù)或就是別打擾孩子。這幾句話對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)里的free time，所以做題千萬別靠自己的臆測(cè)而一定要根據(jù)原文。
